TITHI, YOGA, KARANA

பஞ்சாங்கம் / PANCHANGAM
Details of what is Panchangam, what are all constitutes Panchangam are already discussed in earlier postings. Now let is learn the names of tithi etc. 

Thithi:  Thithi is a lunar date.  There are thirty thithis in a lunar month.  A thithi is also a measure of separation of the Moon and Sun from each other. In other words it is the time taken for the longitudinal angle between the Moon and the Sun to increase by 120.   Each  thithi has its own independent planetary lord.   There are 15 thithis in a fortnight. 14 thithis name rotate and after completion of 14 either Amavasya or Pournami comes in cycle.

Nakshatra: In Vedic astrology the zodiac is divided into twenty seven equal parts of 13 degrees and 20 minutes each which are called Nakshatras.  Nakshatras can be known with the help of degrees of Moon in a particular sign at the time of birth.

Yoga:  A Yoga is obtained from the sum of the Nirayana Longitude of the Moon and Sun and the sum is divided into 27 parts of 13020' each.  There are 27 yogas.

Karanam:  Half of Thithi is called Karna.  A Karna is completed when the Nirayana longitude of  the Moon gains every 60 on that of Sun. There are 11 karnas in total. Four of them occur just once a month and are called fixed Karnas, The other seven are movable in fixed rotation.

Tithi is considered as the first phase or portion (Kala) of the 16 phases of the Moon. The 15 days, commencing  from Amavasya (the last day of the dark half of a lunar month) to Purnima (Full moon), are called the Tithis of the Shukla-Paksha (brighter phase) and the days commencing from Purnima to Amavasya are called Krishna Paksha (darker phase).

In Indian Astrology, the calculation of the Tithis starts from Pratipada (The first day in each half of the lunar month) of the Shukla-Paksha. They are:
Pratipada,  Dwitiya, Tritiya, Chaturthi, Panchami, Shashthi, Saptami, Ashtami. Navami. Dasham , Ekadasi, Dwadashi, Trayodashi, Chaturdashi, Purnima.

Similarly, in the Krishna-Paksha, starting from Pratipada till Chaturdashi, all the tithis are same; the only difference being the fifteenth day which is Amavasya (Moonless night)

YOGA
There are 27 Yogas in all. They are as under
1) VISHAKUMBHA, 2) PREETI, 3) AAYUSHMAN, 4) SAUBHAGYA, 5) SHOBHANA, 6) ATIGANDA, 7) SUKARMA, 8) DHRITI, 9) SHOOLA, 10) GAND, 11) VRIDDHI, 12) DHRUVA, 13) VYAGHAATA, 14) HARSHANA, 15) VAJRA, 16) SIDDHI, 17) VYATIPAATA, 18) VARIYAANA, 19) PARIGHA, 20) SHIVA, 21) SIDDHA, 22) SADDHYA, 23) SHUBHA, 24) SHUKLA, 25) BRAHMA, 26) INDRA, 27) VAIDHRITI.

KARANA
Half of the part of a Tithi is called a Karana i.e. There are two Karanas in a Tithi. There are 11 Karanas altogether.  They are:  1) BALA,   2) BAALAVA,   3) KAULAVA,   4) TAITIL,   5) GARA,   6) VANIJA,   7) VISHTI,   8) SHAKUNI,   9) CHATUSHPADA,   10) NAAGA, 11) KINSTUGHNA .

The first 7 of these Karanas are movable (Chara) i.e. it cannot be predetermined as to on which dates, these are going to occur, but the last 4 Karanas are fixed (Sthira), and hence can be predetermined. 

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